[Evaluation of the efficacy of the sewage treatment plant of Toledo, Spain in the elimination of drugs of abuse and the estimation of consumption]. / Estimación del consumo de drogas de abuso y sus metabolitos a partir de su presencia en el agua residual de Talavera de la Reina y en el río Tajo.

BACKGROUND: in the last years, the presence of new contaminants in water has been rising. There are only few studies which analyze such presence. The aims were to determine the occurrence of drugs of abuse and their metabolites in the influent and effluent of the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) in Talavera de la Reina, and the River Tagus, as well as to evaluate the STP removal efficiency in the elimination of these substances and to estimate the consumption of drugs in Talavera. METHODS: whe samples were taken on June 28, 2010. The presence of 5 groups of drugs (10 drugs of abuse and 9 metabolites) was quantified. The efficiency was calculated from the percentage of reduction of the concentration in the influent and effluent of the STP. Drug consumption was calculated from influent concentrations. Using a specific methodology, based on the assumption the drugs after they are consumed and metabolized in the human body are excreted as parent compounds or metabolites. Whose metabolic pathways are known, and the amount of drug or metabolite quantified corresponds to the dose consumed. RESULTS: ten substances were detected. In all sampling points appeared: Benzoiclegonina (BE) (cocaine metabolite), ephedrine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The highest concentrations were of BE (239 ng/L), and THC-COOH (35 ng/L), both in influent. In the Tagus River, the highest concentrations were of BE (5.38 ng/L) and EDDP (4.4 ng/L). The STP removal efficiency was up to 80% for all substances except for methadone (which was zero) and EDDP (increasing to leave the STP). The estimated consumption shows that the most consumed substances were cannabis (1.88 grams / day) and cocaine (0.46 grams / day). CONCLUSION: the presence of drugs of abuse in River Tagus in Talavera demonstrates that these substances are not eliminated completly by STPs. Drug consumption estimate indicates that the population of Talavera mainly consumed cannabis and cocaine. Thus this methodology can complement epidemiological surveys.

Estimación del consumo de drogas de abuso y sus metabolitos a partir de su presencia en el agua residual de Talavera de la Reina y en el río Tajo / Evaluation of the efficacy of the sewage treatment plant of Toledo, Spain in the elimination of drugs of abuse and the estimation of consumption

Fundamentos: en los últimos años se ha evidenciado la presencia de nuevos contaminantes en el agua, existiendo pocos estudios que analicen dicha presencia. Los objetivos fueron determinar drogas de abuso (DAs) y sus metabolitos en el influente y efluente de la Estación Depuradora de Aguas Residuales (EDAR) de Talavera de la Reina y en el río Tajo, evaluar el rendimiento de la EDAR en la eliminación de estas sustancias y estimar el consumo de drogas en la ciudad de Talavera. Métodos: el muestreo fue realizado, el día 28 de Junio de 2010. En todas las muestras se analizaron 5 grupos de drogas (10Das y 9 metabolitos). Se calculó el rendimiento a partir del porcentaje de reducción de la concentración a la entrada y salida de la EDAR y el consumo de drogas a partir de las concentraciones del influente y utilizando una metodología específica, basada en la asunción de que las drogas después de ser consumidas y metabolizadas en el cuerpo humano, son excretadas como compuestos principales o metabolitos, cuyas rutas metabólicas son conocidas; y que la cantidad de droga o metabolito cuantificado corresponde con la dosis consumida. Resultados: se detectaron 10 sustancias. La presencia de Benzoiclegonina (BE) (metabolito de la cocaína), efedrina, y metadona junto su metabolito EDDP fue hallada en todas las muestras. Las mayores concentraciones fueron de BE (239ng/L), y de THC-COOH (35 ng/L), ambas en influente. En el río Tajo las concentraciones mas altas fueron de BE (5,38 ng/L) y EDDP (4,4 ng/L). El rendimiento de la EDAR fue mayor del 80 % para todas las sustancias excepto para metadona (que fue nulo) y EDDP (con mayor concentración en el efluente de la EDAR). Las sustancias más consumidas fueron cannabis (THC) (1,88 g/día) y cocaína (0,46 g/día). Conclusiones: Se detectó la presencia de Das en el río Tajo a su paso por Talavera de la Reina, lo que evidencia que estas sustancias no son eliminadas totalmente por la EDAR. El consumo de drogas estimado indica que la población de Talavera consume principalmente cannabis y cocaína. Demostrando que esta metodología puede complementar las encuestas sobre consumo de drogas (AU)

Background: in the last years, the presence of new contaminants in water has been rising. There are only few studies which analyze such presence. The aims were to determine the occurrence of drugs of abuse and their metabolites in the influent and effluent of the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) in Talavera de la Reina, and the River Tagus, as well as to evaluate the STP removal efficiency in the elimination of these substances and to estimate the consumption of drugs in Talavera. Methods: whe samples were taken on June 28, 2010. The presence of 5 groups of drugs (10 drugs of abuse and 9 metabolites) was quantified. The efficiency was calculated from the percentage of reduction of the concentration in the influent and effluent of the STP. Drug consumption was calculated from influent concentrations. Using a specific methodology, based on the assumption the drugs after they are consumed and metabolized in the human body are excreted as parent compounds or metabolites. Whose metabolic path ways are known, and the amount of drug or metabolite quantified corresponds to the dose consumed. Results: ten substances were detected. In all sampling points appeared: Benzoiclegonina (BE) (cocaine metabolite), ephedrine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The highest concentrations were of BE (239 ng/L), and THC-COOH (35 ng/L), both ininfluent. In the Tagus River, the highest concentrations were of BE (5.38 ng/L) and EDDP (4.4 ng/L). The STP removal efficiency was up to 80 % for all substances except for methadone (which was zero) and EDDP (increasing to leave the STP). The estimated consumption shows that the most consumed substances were cannabis (1.88 grams/day) and cocaine (0.46 grams/day). Conclusion: the presence of drugs of abuse in River Tagus in Talavera demonstrates that these substances are not eliminated ompletly by STPs. Drug consumption estimate indicates that the population of Talavera mainly consumed cannabis and cocaine. Thus this methodology can complement epidemiological surveys (AU)

Neumonía por Legionella pneumophila asociada al uso de un humidificador doméstico en una niña inmunocompetente / Legionella pneumophila pneumonia associated with the use of a home humidifier in an immunocompetent girl

No disponible

[Legionella pneumophila pneumonia associated with the use of a home humidifier in an immunocompetent girl]. / Neumonía por Legionella pneumophila asociada al uso de un humidificador doméstico en una niña inmunocompetente.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Legionellosis is an uncommon cause of pneumonia in children and even more exceptionally in healthy children. The purpose of this study is to describe the procedure which led to the identification of an unusual source of legionella infection, in a healthy girl, and highlight the need to adopt preventive measures. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS: A 4-year old girl without any risk factors was diagnosed of pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. After investigating the environment, it was found that the source of the transmission was a home humidifier. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the fact that this equipment is classified with a low probability of spreading legionella, a lack of cleanliness and maintenance of these machines can increase the risk of transmission of the bacteria. Therefore, healthcare professionals must give adequate advice to their patients about the care of this equipment and how to use these machines properly.

Efectos de los extremos térmicos en los planes de contingencia de los sistemas de salud / Effects of thermic extremes on the contingency plans of health systems

No disponible

[Heat health warning systems: possibilities of improvement]. / Posibilidades de mejora en los planes de prevención frente al exceso de temperaturas.

In the summer of 2003 the temperatures reached were responsible for a large number of deaths in Europe. A year after this fact, many countries had implemented some sort of plan of prevention against excessive temperatures. Plans that had already shown its ability to prevent a large proportion of avoidable mortality in other latitudes. Since then, a lot of papers have been published providing new data on health effects of a heat wave, which can help increase the efficiency of these prevention plans. Knowing the weather conditions at risk, defining "heat wave" or to take into account the time that the plan should be active from the study of the relationship between temperature and their effects on health, to identify weather patterns that modulate the relationship between temperature and mortality, locate the profile of people at risk or to develop protocols for action as accurately as possible and based on scientific knowledge are elements drawn from studies carried on in recent years that should be taken into account.

Planes de prevención frente al exceso de temperaturas. Posibilidades de mejora / Heat health warning systems. Possibilities of improvement

En el verano de 2003 las temperaturas alcanzadas fueron responsablesde un gran número de muertes en el continente europeo. Unaño después muchos países habían implantado algún tipo de plan deprevención frente al exceso de temperaturas. Planes que ya habíanmostrado su capacidad de prevenir una buena parte de la mortalidadevitable en otras latitudes.Desde entonces, son numerosos los estudios publicados ofreciendonuevos datos sobre los efectos en salud pública de una ola decalor, que pueden contribuir a aumentar la eficiencia de estos planesde prevención. Conocer las situaciones meteorológicas de mayorriesgo, definir ola de calor o tener en cuenta el tiempo que el plandebe estar activo a partir del estudio de la relación entre la temperaturay sus efectos en salud, identificar las características meteorológicasque modulan la relación entre la temperatura y la mortalidad,localizar el perfil de las personas de mayor riesgo o diseñar protocolosde actuación con la mayor precisión posible y basado en el conocimientocientífico son elementos extraídos de numerosos trabajosrealizados en los últimos años que deben ser tenidos en cuenta(AU)

In the summer of 2003 the temperatures reached were responsiblefor a large number of deaths in Europe. A year after this fact,many countries had implemented some sort of plan of preventionagainst excessive temperatures. Plans that had already shown its abilityto prevent a large proportion of avoidable mortality in other latitudes.Since then, a lot of papers have been published providing newdata on health effects of a heat wave, which can help increase theefficiency of these prevention plans. Knowing the weather conditionsat risk, defining "heat wave" or to take into account the timethat the plan should be active from the study of the relationship betweentemperature and their effects on health, to identify weather patternsthat modulate the relationship between temperature and mortality,locate the profile of people at risk or to develop protocols foraction as accurately as possible and based on scientific knowledgeare elements drawn from studies carried on in recent years thatshould be taken into account(AU)

[Trends in effects of maximum temperatures on organic-cause mortality in Castile-La Mancha, Spain from 1975 to 2003]. / Evolución de los efectos de las temperaturas máximas sobre la mortalidad por causas orgánicas en castilla--La Mancha de 1975 a 2003.

BACKGROUND: Non-lineal temperature-mortality relationship varies depending on the characteristics of the designated study geographic zone. In given places, a growing level of economic development has led to lesser influence of environmental variables on mortality. This paper analyzes trends in the association between maximum temperatures and organic-cause mortality from 1975 to 2003 in Castile-La Mancha (Spain). METHODS: Daily maximum temperatures and organic-cause mortality data were divided into 3 time period: 1975-1984, 1985-1994 and 1995-2003. After data pre-whitening by applying ARIMA model estimated for the daily maximum temperature series, we calculate cross-correlation functions between residuals of temperature and mortality, 7 days lagged for summer, 15 for cold months, and comparing its correlation coefficients. RESULTS: We observe an increasing number of significant lags during the warm season (p < 0.05) between first and second decades studied in regional overall but with some provincial differences. In the third study period the number of significant lags varies slightly, although cross correlation coefficients were significantly upward (p < 0.05) at lag 3 in the entire region and Toledo in particular. CONCLUSIONS: Maximum temperature and mortality by organic cause association became more extensive and intense since 1975-1984 decade in Castile-La Mancha. The aging of regional population could offset the probable beneficial effect of economic growth on this relationship. No appreciable time trends are found in cold months.

Evolución de los efectos de las temperaturas máximas sobre la mortalidad por causas orgánicas en Castilla-La Mancha de 1975 a 2003 / Trends in effects of maximum temperatures on organic-cause mortality in Castile- La Mancha, Spain from 1975 to 2003

Fundamento: La relación no lineal temperatura- mortalidad varía según las características de la zona geográfica estudiada. En determinados lugares un incremento en el nivel de desarrollo ha conducido a una menor influencia de las variables ambientales sobre la mortalidad. Se analiza la evolución entre 1975 y 2003 de la asociación de las temperaturas máximas con la mortalidad por causas orgánicas en Castilla-La Mancha. Métodos: Los datos diarios de temperaturas máximas y de mortalidad por causas orgánicas se dividen en tres periodos: 1975-1984, 1985-1994 y 1995-2003. Tras un preblanqueo de los datos aplicando el modelo ARIMA ajustado para las series de temperaturas, se calculan las funciones de correlación cruzada entre los residuos de las series de temperaturas y de mortalidad con 7 desfases en verano y 15 en invierno, comparándose los coeficientes de correlación. Resultados: Se observa en los meses calurosos un incremento del número de retardos significativos (p<0,05) de la primera a la segunda década de estudio en el conjunto regional, con algunas diferencias provinciales. En la tercera década el número de lags significativos varía ligeramente, incrementándose los coeficientes de correlación cruzada de forma significativa (p<0,05) para el desfase 3 en Toledo y en el total regional. Conclusiones: La asociación de las temperaturas máximas con la mortalidad por causas orgánicas se ha ampliado e intensificado desde la década 1975-1984. El envejecimiento de la población podría haber contrarrestado el posible efecto beneficioso del crecimiento económico sobre esta relación. En los meses fríos no se encuentra evolución temporal apreciable

Background: Non-lineal temperature-mortality relationship varies depending on the characteristics of the designated study geographic zone. In given places, a growing level of economic development has led to lesser influence of environmental variables on mortality. This paper analyzes trends in the association between maximum temperatures and organic-cause mortality from 1975 to 2003 in Castile- La Mancha (Spain). Methods: Daily maximum temperatures and organic-cause mortality data were divided into 3 time period: 1975-1984, 1985- 1994 and 1995-2003. After data pre-whitening by applying ARIMA model estimated for the daily maximum temperature series, we calculate cross-correlation functions between residuals of temperature and mortality, 7 days lagged for summer, 15 for cold months, and comparing its correlation coefficients. Results: We observe an increasing number of significant lags during the warm season (p<0.05) between first and second decades studied in regional overall but with some provincial differences. In the third study period the number of significant lags varies slightly, although cross correlation coefficients were significantly upward (p<0.05) at lag 3 in the entire region and Toledo in particular. Conclusions: Maximum temperature and mortality by organic cause association became more extensive and intense since 1975-1984 decade in Castile- La Mancha. The aging of regional population could offset the probable beneficial effect of economic growth on this relationship. No appreciable time trends are found in cold months

[Treatment and temperature series study for use in public health. The case of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain]. / Tratamiento y estudio de series de temperatura para su aplicación en salud pública. El caso de Castilla- La Mancha.

BACKGROUND: Numerous articles relate atmospheric variables to health indicators. In large regions, such as Castilla-La Mancha, it may be necessary to divide the region into areas in terms of the atmospheric variables available by selecting a representative weather station for each zone. This article focuses on analyzing the daily temperature data from numerous Castilla La Mancha observatories and reducing the number thereof to a few representative stations for being used in studies relating atmospheric variables to health indicators in this region. METHODS: Castilla-La Mancha weather stations were selected in terms of the number of years available and missing data. After filling in the gaps in the selected series, to detect any possible discontinuities and to homogenize the series, the daily temperature data is used in hierarchical cluster and factorial analyses by principal components. RESULTS: Factorial analyses extract one single factor by using the maximum, mean or minimum temperature series. For the maximum temperatures, this factor explains 93.45% of the variance, with an eigenvalue of 39.249. The "Compuesta" station in Toledo shows correlation coefficients in the principal components matrix of 0.987, 0.991 and 0.981 respectively for the maximum, mean and minimum temperature series. CONCLUSIONS: Castilla-La Mancha is an isoclimatic region in terms of the temperature, the "Compuesta" station in Toledo being selected as the representative station for the region for public health studies. The results afford the possibility of conducting studies broken down into small units such as the provinces, with the stations in the government capitals as a reference.

Tratamiento y estudio de series de temperatura para su aplicación en salud pública. El caso de Castilla- La Mancha / Treatment and temperature series study for use in public health. The case of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain

Fundamento: Numerosos trabajos relacionan variables atmosféricascon indicadores sanitarios. En regiones extensas, como Castilla-La Mancha, puede ser necesario dividirla en áreas en función delas variables atmosféricas disponibles, eligiendo una estación meteorológicarepresentativa para cada zona. El objetivo de este artículoes analizar los datos diarios de temperaturas de numerosos observatoriosde Castilla- La Mancha y su reducción a unas pocas estacionesrepresentativas para ser utilizadas en estudios que relacionen variablesatmosféricas con indicadores sanitarios de esta región.Métodos: Se seleccionaron estaciones meteorológicas de Castilla-La Mancha en función del número de años disponibles y de datosperdidos. Tras rellenar las lagunas de las series elegidas, detectarposibles discontinuidades y homogeneizar las series, los datos diariosde temperaturas se utilizan en análisis de conglomerados jerárquicoy factorial mediante componentes principales.Resultados: El análisis factorial extrae un solo factor utilizandolas series de temperaturas máximas, medias o mínimas. En las máximas,ese factor explica el 93,45% de la varianza, con autovalor39,249. La estación Toledo «Compuesta» tiene coeficientes decorrelación en la matriz de componentes principales de 0,987; 0,991y 0,981 para las series de temperaturas máximas, medias y mínimasrespectivamente. Conclusiones: Castilla-La Mancha es una región isoclimática enfunción de la temperatura y la estación Toledo «Compuesta» la elegidacomo representativa regional para estudios en salud pública.Los resultados permiten la realización de estudios desagregados enunidades menores como las provincias, con las estaciones de lascapitales administrativas como referencia

Background: Numerous articles relate atmospheric variablesto health indicators. In large regions, such as Castilla-La Mancha, itmay be necessary to divide the region into areas in terms of theatmospheric variables available by selecting a representativeweather station for each zone. This article focuses on analyzing thedaily temperature data from numerous Castilla La Mancha observatoriesand reducing the number thereof to a few representative stationsfor being used in studies relating atmospheric variables tohealth indicators in this region.Methods: Castilla-La Mancha weather stations were selected interms of the number of years available and missing data. After fillingin the gaps in the selected series, to detect any possible discontinuitiesand to homogenize the series, the daily temperature data is usedin hierarchical cluster and factorial analyses by principal components.Results: Factorial analyses extract one single factor by using themaximum, mean or minimum temperature series. For the maximumtemperatures, this factor explains 93.45% of the variance, with aneigenvalue of 39.249. The «Compuesta» station in Toledo showscorrelation coefficients in the principal components matrix of 0.987,0.991 and 0.981 respectively for the maximum, mean and minimumtemperature series. Conclusions: Castilla-La Mancha is an isoclimatic region interms of the temperature, the «Compuesta» station in Toledo beingselected as the representative station for the region for public healthstudies. The results afford the possibility of conducting studies brokendown into small units such as the provinces, with the stations inthe government capitals as a reference